Charts and graphs are purely syntactical. Dondis would argue that a bad pie chart is not a "design mistake"; it is a grammatical error in visual language. When a designer uses red for "growth" and green for "loss," they are violating the cultural syntax of color (where green usually means safe/good).

: For a structured breakdown of the "anatomy of visual messages" (representation, symbolism, and abstraction), reviewers at

Para "hacer" o construir un rasgo largo en una composición visual según la teoría de Dondis, se debe manipular el y los contrastes visuales .

(A Primer of Visual Literacy). This book is a fundamental text for understanding visual communication and how we interpret images. Editorial GG The Core Idea: Visual Literacy