The title separates "Criminology" (the study of crime causes) from "Penology" (the study of punishment). Paranjape excels in the latter. His chapters on the (Deterrent, Retributive, Preventive, Reformative) and the prison system in India are considered gold standard. He discusses open prisons, parole, probation, and the aftercare of released prisoners in a way that no other Indian author does.