ABCs define interfaces and enable .

print(my_dog.name) # Output: Fido print(my_dog.age) # Output: 3

The central theme of the course is Python’s fundamental architecture: everything—from integers and functions to modules and classes—is a first-class object.

class SingletonMeta(type): _instances = {} def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls not in cls._instances: cls._instances[cls] = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instances[cls]