: This refers to fault or negligence where there is no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties (Art. 2176, Civil Code). 2. Essential Elements of Liability
The most common form of tort in the Philippines is the (Art. 2176, Civil Code). It requires four essential elements to establish liability: Act or Omission : A failure to act or a wrongful action. torts and damages de leon
Detailed lecture notes and chapter summaries can be found on Course Hero and Scribd . : This refers to fault or negligence where
, centers on the civil liability arising from harmful acts or omissions, primarily governed by the Civil Code of the Philippines . torts and damages de leon